The process is the result of a research project at Cao Bang province: "Building a model of growing temperate fruit trees (Plums, persimmons...) in Phia Den, Nguyen Binh, Cao Bang".
Implementation process
1. Breeds, propagation techniques
Plum is a fruit tree with temperate origin, good cold tolerance, often grown in places with cold winter in the provinces: Lao Cai, Lang Son), Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Son La, Bac Kan... The northern mountainous region has two large plum growing areas, Moc Chau (Son La) and Bac Ha (Lao Cai) with famous plum varieties: Tam Hoa plum, Hau plum, Ta Hoang Ly plum... In the mountainous region , plum trees grow very well, give high yield, good quality. The plum tree is easy to grow, early to harvest, and gives beautiful white flowers in the whole region in the spring, so this is a highly effective fruit tree for mountainous people.
+ Fruiting plum varieties
Tam Hoa plum variety: Tam Hoa plum variety originated from China and was imported into Vietnam since 1970. This is a variety with high yield and relatively good quality, good adaptability to the climatic conditions of different regions. mountainous province, has been planted into a large concentration area in Bac Ha district, Lao Cai province and Moc Chau district, Son La province. The fruit ripens in May.
Steel plum variety: This is a local plum variety, ripening early in April, small fruit, sour taste, crispy. Due to early ripening, the price is high.
Hau plum variety: is a variety grown in high mountainous areas: Sa Pa, Bac Ha (Lao Cai), Mu Cang Chai (Yen Bai). As a sweet and crunchy fruit variety with the best quality available today, the fruit usually ripens late in June, so it is often attacked by fruit flies, which lay eggs and hatch into young worms that damage the fruit.
+ Reproduction
Plums should be planted with plants propagated by grafting or grafting. The suitable rootstock for plum trees is peach trees. The time of grafting plums can be all year round, except in the months of heavy rain. In April - 5 small trees can be grafted on side branches, in August - September large trees can be grafted with eyes and December - January can be grafted with wedges. Planting grafted plum trees in the Spring crop can be planted with bare-root trees when the tree has not yet produced buds.
+ Land for planting, digging holes, fertilizing
- Plums can be grown in many types of soil, but are most suitable and yield high in fertile, moist soils along hills and ravines.
- Plum pit is 50 cm deep, 50 cm wide, let the topsoil separate to the bottom of the pit.
- Apply primer for each hole 20 - 30 kg of organic fertilizer + 0.2 - 0.5 kg of superphosphate + 0.5 -1.0 kg of lime powder. Mix the manure with the topsoil and bring it to the bottom of the pit. Fill the hole with soil 15 - 30 days before planting, wait for good weather to plant. If the soil has many termites, it must be treated to kill termites before planting.
+ Density, distance
Can be planted with the following distance: 4-5 m/plant. Density 500 plants/ha – 625 plants/ha).
+ Seasonal
In mountainous areas, plants should be planted in the spring crop in February and March when the tree has not yet grown leaves and young buds to have a high survival rate.
2. How to plant and care
- When the weather is favorable, plant the tree, dig a hole in the middle of the hole, place the tree in the hole in a natural position, fill with soil. (Be careful not to fill the graft). Use straw, straw or hay to keep the plant moist. Water 10-15 liters of water for each root.
- After planting about 1-2 months (when the plant has taken root, green anise) can be used solution, pig manure water diluted in the ratio 1/10, 50-60 cm from the root.
- Planting with a grafted tree, pay attention to remove the sprouts that grow from below the graft, because that is the sprout of the rootstock, growing a small peach tree.
+ Technical care
- After one year of planting, the tree can harvest fruit. Annually, the amount of fertilizer for a tree can be as follows: 30 - 50 kg of organic fertilizer + 300 - 500 grams of superphosphate.
- 100 - 200 grams of potassium chloride + 200 - 300 grams of urea.
(Organic fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers are applied after harvesting the fruits in June and July by: pruning plums around the canopy 20 cm deep, fertilizing, filling with soil. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers are divided into 3 parts to be applied in January. 1, February before flowering about 10 days (40%), March when the young fruit is formed (30%) and April when the fruit is large (30%) if the soil is dry, mix water, if the soil is wet, Sprinkle manure on the ground around the canopy and lightly dig). Pay attention to watering plums in the following periods: before blooming, young fruit and fruiting.
+ Pruning, shaping
Every year after harvesting the fruit, it is necessary to prune off the branches of mules, branches infected with pests, branches of incense sticks to open the tree and limit the shelter of pests.
When the plum tree is 50 - 60 cm tall, press the top to make the tree grow to a level 1 branch, select 3-4 branches around the canopy, nourish the 50 - 60 cm long branches, then press the top, leave 2-3 branches. 2 on each level 1 branch. When the level 2 branch is 40 - 50 cm long, press the top to produce a level 3 branch, this is the main branch that produces fruit on the tree. Annually, cutting and pruning to this level of branches to harvest fruit, not to let the branches grow too long, difficult to manage the fruit and compete for light and nutrition.
3. Pest control
+ Gum disease
Usually appears when the stem borer or mechanical wounds in the trunk, branches.
Prevention by: timely prevention of stem borers, when cutting must use sharp knives, saws to heal wounds quickly, when diseased trees use lime water to sweep into the disease, every year after harvest, fruits must be cleaned.
